CIRP Annals Online sorted by Year and Volume
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CIRP ANNALS 2003
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STC A |
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Assembly and Disassembly Processes in Product Life Cycle Perspectives
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E. Westkaemper (1)
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STC A, 52/2/2003, P.579
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Keywords: Assembly, Disassembly, Life Cycle Management |
Abstract : Industrial companies change the paradigms of business operations from
optimisation of manufacturing processes to optimisation of products life
cycles in order to activate the value of products, taking into account
the potentials of product services in all phases of each product?s life.
From design to the end of their life capital intensive products, like
manufacturing or assembly systems, are linked to a manufacturer network
by global communication systems. This network allows special services
even in the phases of usage and recycling. For this new paradigm it is
necessary to develop strategies, methods and technologies to manage the
business processes and the information and knowledge required in all
phases of a product?s life and to industrialise the processes of design,
assembly, usage, service and remanufacturing by disassembly and
recycling. It is the objective of this paper to define the processes for
management of life cycle with a focus on assembly, service and
disassembly of capital intensive products.
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STC C |
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Advancing Cutting Technology
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G. Byrne (1), D. Dornfeld (1), B. Denkena
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STC C, 52/2/2003, P.483
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Keywords: Cutting, Material Removal, Process Development |
Abstract : This paper reviews some of the main developments in cutting technology
since the foundation of CIRP over fifty years ago. Material removal
processes can take place at considerably higher performance levels in
the range up to Qw = 150 - 1500 cm3/min for most workpiece materials at
cutting speeds up to some 8.000 m/min. Dry or near dry cutting is
finding widespread application. The superhard cutting tool materials
embody hardness levels in the range 3000 ? 9000 HV with toughness levels
exceeding 1000 MPa. Coated tool materials offer the opportunity to fine
tune the cutting tool to the material being machined. Machining
accuracies down to 10 265m can now be achieved for conventional cutting
processes with CNC machine tools, whilst ultraprecision cutting can
operate in the range < 0.1265m. The main technological developments
associated with the cutting tool and tool materials, the workpiece
materials, the machine tool, the process conditions and the
manufacturing environment which have led to this advancement are given
detailed consideration in this paper. The basis for a roadmap of future
development of cutting technology is provided.
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STC Dn |
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Design in the New e-Commerce Era
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M. Tseng (1), T. Kjellberg (2), S.C-Y Lu (2)
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STC Dn, 52/2/2003, P.509
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Keywords: Design, Integration and Life Cycle Management |
Abstract : The computing and communication have become indispensable in every
aspect of design and manufacturing. Its impacts on production
engineering community have been significant and long lasting. In this
paper, we reviewed new e-Commerce models that directly link among
production capabilities and with end consumers. We then identified three
major forces that will affect the design community, namely, speed of
decision, expansion of scope and degree of concurrency. Understanding
the implication of these forces would be conducive to leading structural
changes in design. The transformations include expanding the scope of
design, linking customers and suppliers proactively throughout the
entire value chain, and collaborating across boundaries.
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STC E |
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Rapid Manufacturing and Rapid Tooling with Layer Mabufacturing (LM) Technologies, State of the Art and Future Perspectives
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G.N. Levy (1), R. Schindel, J.P. Kruth (1)
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STC E, 52/2/2003, P.589
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Keywords: Rapid, Manufacturing, Tooling |
Abstract : Additive processes, which generate parts in a layered way, have more
than 15 years of history. These processes are not exclusively used for
prototyping any longer. New opportunities and applications in
appropriate manufacturing tasks open up, even though the economical
impact is still modest. This review starts with the definition of Rapid
Manufacturing and Rapid Tooling, dealing only with direct fabrication
methods of components. A systematic material dependent classification of
layer manufacturing and process oriented metal part manufacturing
techniques are proposed. The generic and the major specific process
characteristics and materials are described, mainly for metallic parts,
polymer parts and tooling. Examples and applications are cited. The
paper attempts to understand the state of the art and the prospective,
to put questions, to understand limits, to show opportunities and to
draw conclusions based on the state of the art.
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STC F |
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Manufacturing of Lightweight Components by Metal Forming
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M. Kleiner (2), M. Geiger (1), A. Klaus
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STC F, 52/2/2003, P.521
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Keywords: Metal forming, material property, lightweight construction |
Abstract : Due to constantly increasing ecological concerns and demands for higher
performance, lightweight construction is a key factor to success mainly
in the transportation sector but also in general engineering,
machinetools, and architecture. This paper deals with current and future
contributions of forming technology to the manufacture of lightweight
components and structures. As design, materials, and manufacturing
processes have to be considered integratively, it is pointed out which
issues arise in the production of load adapted designs and using high
strength materials. Frame and shell structure concepts as well as their
related forming processes are presented. Finally, fields of further
research are identified.
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STC G |
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Material Removal Mechanisms in Lapping and Polishing
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C.J. Evans (1), E. Paul , D. Dornfeld (1), D. A. Lucca (1), G. Byrne (1), M. Tricard, F. Klocke (1), O. Dambon, B. A. Mullany
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STC G, 52/2/2003, P.611
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Keywords: Lapping, polishing, planarization |
Abstract : Polishing processes are critical to high value production processes such
as IC manufacturing. The fundamental material removal mechanisms,
howeve, are poorly understood. Technological outputs (e.g., surface
finish, sub-surface damage, part shape) and throughput of lapping and
polishing processes are affected by a large number of variables.
Individual processes are well controlled within individual enterprises,
yet there appears to be little ability to predict process performance a
priori. As a first step toward improving process modeling, this paper
reviews the fundamental mechanisms of material removal in lapping and
polishing processes and identifies key areas where further work is required.
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STC M |
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Present and Future of Flexible Automation: Towards New Paradigms
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F. Jovane (1), Y. Koren (1), C.R. Boer (1)
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STC M, 52/2/2003, P.543
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Keywords: Manufacturing, Flexible Automation, Technology Foresight |
Abstract : Automation has been one of the key drivers of the modern Manufacturing
Industry and it has been present in various forms from the beginning of
the industrial era until today passing through different evolutions
responding to human?s needs. Therefore automation and the manufacturing
industry have undergone several paradigm changes in the last century.
They were driven by the market conditions and society needs and were
realized by timely developed engineering enabling technologies that
fitted the paradigm requirements. This paper maps the different
paradigms in terms of market and societal drivers and process technology
enablers in order to show a consistent model of paradigm development, a
model that links the product, and the process with the appropriate
business model. The Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) have been
especially analysed as the major enabler to the mass customization
paradigm. Summing up, a mapping methodology, able to map all past,
present and future production paradigms, is presented. An example on the
footwear sector has also been mapped and presented. The analysis is
based on a survey conducted in Europe and the USA mechanical industries
during 2002. The analysis, carried out within the CIRP Working Group on
?Flexible Automation ? Assessment and Future? has shown that new
paradigms are emerging beyond flexible automation, paradigms that
require addressing new technological challenges. Developing these new
enabling technologies requires the establishment of new national RTD
programmes. Therefore, the role of past national RTD programmes in
developing previous enabling technologies that eventually elevated human
wealth and life quality is also briefly mentioned. Foresight scenario
building and ?roadmapping? activities ?taking place in different
relevant economic regions- are presented. They point to new paradigms
and technologies to be developed and call for new RTD programmes to be
launched.
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STC O |
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Micro Engineering
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L. Alting (1), F. Kimura (1), H.N. Hansen (2), G. Bissacco
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STC O, 52/2/2003, P.635
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Keywords: Micro Engineering, Product Design and Development, Process and |
Abstract : Production Development
The paper addresses the questions of how micro products are designed and
how they are manufactured. Definitions of micro products and micro
engineering are discussed and the presentation is aimed at describing
typical issues, possibilities and tools regarding design of micro
products. The implications of the decisions in the design phase on the
subsequent manufacturing processes are considered vital. Finally,
manufacturing and assembly of micro products as well as the philosophy
of micro factories are presented and discussed.
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STC P |
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Gear Metrology
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G. Goch (2)
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STC P, 52/2/2003, P.659
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Keywords: Conventional Gear Measurement, Accuracy, Superficial Flank Modelling |
Abstract : Gear drives represent key components for all kind of vehicles, machine
tools, aircrafts, household appliances as well as a broad variety of
industrial equipment and toys. The designers are confronted with
increasing demands concerning lifetime, power transmission and noise
emission, whereas the size and weight of gear drives is constantly
reduced. Thus, the measurement of gears and gear tools is of decisive
importance for gear production. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art
of gear metrology, where tactile probing methods dominate almost
exclusively. It summarizes new modelling and measuring principles,
enabling a superficial description and inspection of gears. Especially
optical measuring methods, the inspection of micro gears and alignment
problems are discussed in detail. A final section reports the actual
accuracy limits of gear measurements. It points out that a significant
reduction of the measuring uncertainty associated with gears, standards
and instruments is an urgent need for the production of high-precision
gears.
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STC S |
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Surfaces in Precision Engineering, Microengineering and Nanotechnology
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L. De Chiffre (1), H. Kunzmann (1), G.N. Peggs (1), D.A. Lucca (1)
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STC S, 52/2/2003, P.561
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Keywords: surface, precision engineering, microengineering, nanotechnology |
Abstract : This paper addresses the role of surfaces at the micrometric and
nanometric length scales. Applications, functional behaviour, and
manufacturing issues are reviewed with respect to state-of-the-art and
emerging products fabricated using high precision technologies. Examples
of surfaces obtained with precision engineering, microengineering and
nanotechnology are presented, encompassing surfaces in computers, MEMS,
biomedical systems, light and X-ray optics, as well as in chemical
systems. Surface properties at micro and nanoscale are considered,
including geometry as well as physical and chemical properties.
Different manufacturing processes are reviewed with respect to surface
fabrication, encompassing conventional machining, microfabrication, and
nanomanipulation. Surface metrology at micro and nanoscale is briefly
addressed, and its fundamental importance strongly emphasized.
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