CIRP Annals Online sorted by Year and Volume
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CIRP ANNALS 1992
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STC A |
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Design for Assembly and Disassembly
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G. Boothroyd (1), L. Alting (1)
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STC A, 41/2/1992, P.625
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Keywords: Design, Assembly, Disassembly |
Abstract : A review is made of design for assembly (DFA) methods developed over the
last fifteen years. It is found that implementation of DFA at the early
conceptual stage of design has led to enormous bene255fits including
simplification of products, lower assembly and manufacturing costs,
reduced overheads, improved quality and reduced time to market. DFA is
now being broadened to include consideration of the difficulty of
manufacture of the individual parts to be assembled and is providing the
necessary basis for teamwork and simultaneous engineering. More
recently, environmental concerns are requiring that disassembly for
service and recycling be considered during product design - in fact,
total life cycle costs for a product are becoming an essen255tial part of
simultaneous engineering. This keynote paper concludes with a discussion
of current de255velopments of design for disassembly (DFD).
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STC C |
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High Speed Machining
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H. Schulz (1), T. Moriwaki (1)
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STC C, 41/2/1992, P.637
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Keywords: High-Speed Cutting, Hsc-Machine Tools, Cutting Tools |
Abstract : The high speed machining is now recognized as one of the key
manufacturing technologies for higher productivity and throughput. The
paper reviews recent development in high speed machining and related
technology especially in the last decade. The state of the art of high
speed cutting, cutting tools and machine tools for high speed cutting
are presented. The realization of hsc demands new unconventional
solutions for machine tools and their components. The optimization and
the safety precautions of the tools are very important. Time reduction
of more than 50% can be achieved.
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STC Dn |
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Concurrent Engineering
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G. Sohlenius (1)
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STC Dn, 41/2/1992, P.645
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Keywords: Concurrent Engineering, Manufacturing, Design |
Abstract : The term Concurrent Engineering, also called Simultaneous Engineering,
was used the first time in the US 356n1989. It is primarily an expression
for the ambition to increase the competitiveness by decreasing the
lead-time and still improving quality and cost. The main methodology is
to integrate the product development and the development of the design-
and production processes. In this way Concurrent Engineering is a label
for a development era of the manufacturing technology. To be successful
Concurrent Engineering must be based on relevant theories, use efficient
tools and be lead by dedicated management. Education and the ability for
team work is essential for the success. Many companies are reporting
good results from their use of Concurrent Engineering principles. More
efficient software tools and manufacturing systems principles are being
developed in research projects.
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STC E |
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Surface Treatment Techniques by Laser Beam Machining
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C.J. Heuvelman (1), W. Koenig (1), H.K. Toenshoff (1), J. Meijer (2), P.K. Kirner, M. Rund, M.F. Schneider, I. van Sprang
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STC E, 41/2/1992, P.657
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Keywords: Laser, Hardening, Remelting, Cladding, Alloying, Dispersing, Annealing |
Abstract : Laser surface treatment involves a range of thermal and thermo-chemical
processes which are applied on a wide range of products. An overview of
processes and applications in the machine industry is given. Laser
transformation hardening and remelting of cast iron are already
established techniques. Improvements may be expected by on-line process
control. Application of cladding and alloying will open the way for
numerous new products but requires still further development. Results of
CIRP co-operative work directed to the transferability of laboratory
research to industry are included.
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STC F |
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Tool Life and Tool Quality in Bulk Metal Forming
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K. Lange (1), L. Cser (2), M. Geiger (2), J.A.G. Kals (1)
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STC F, 41/2/1992, P.667
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Keywords: Forming, Tool Life, Wear, Fracture, Design, Materials, |
Abstract : Coatings, Simulation, Knowledge Based Systems, Monitoring
Due to their intermediate position between machine and workpiece, tools
represent the interface of the manufacturing system to the process. Near
net shape production, new materials and techniques are the new
challenges in metal forming and specially in tooling. A significant
economical effect can be achieved through an increase in the service
time of tool elements, as well as through proper tool management
strategies. The greatest problem connected with the preliminary
estimation of tool life is the enormous dispersion of tool lives for the
same construction of tool. The uncertainty in estimating the expected
service time of tools and thus the tooling costs/piece is caused by
enormous variety and confluence of damaging factors, factory-specific
character of tool life, stochastic phenomenon of tool failures. Front
the confluence of aspects influencing the tool life it is clear, that
there is no general recipe for increasing tool life and tool quality.
Each of the influencing aspects contains some possibilities for
increasing the service-time of tools. Paper shows some examples in tool
design and tool manufacturing and points out, that a knowledge based
approach can he the bridge between CA-techniques and human experience in
prediction of expected tool life.
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STC G |
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Modelling and Simulation of Grinding Processes
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H.K. Toenshoff (1), J. Peters (1), T. Inasaki (1), T. Paul
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STC G, 41/2/1992, P.677
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Keywords: Grinding Process, Modelling, Simulation |
Abstract : This paper describes the state-of-the-art in the modelling and
simulation of grinding processes. The kinematics of the grinding process
are characterised by a series of statistically irregular and separate
engagements. Topography models are used to describe the structure of the
grinding wheel, taking the quantities of motion and the geometric
parameters into account. Chip formation is represented in chip thickness
models. During the process of chip formation, energy is transformed.
Additionally, forces are generated. In this paper, grinding energy
models and force models will be presented. In conclusion, the kinematic
and energetic processes are taken into consideration for temperature and
surface integrity models as well as for models for describing the
surface roughness of the workpiece. Different approaches to modelling
will be compared. Furthermore, the benefits as well as the limits of
model application and simulation will be discussed.
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STC M |
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Advanced Controls for Feed Drives
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Y. Koren (1), C.C. Lo
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STC M, 41/2/1992, P.689
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Keywords: Numerical Control, Machine Tool, Servo-Controller |
Abstract : To achieve the high precision required in future contouring machining
applications, accurate servo-controllers for the feed drives are needed.
For this purpose conventional P controllers, which are utilized on many
CNC systems, are not adequate, and more advanced control algorithms must
be implemented. This paper summarizes existing servo-controllers for
contouring applications and presents an evaluation of three basic types
of controllers: feedback controller, feedforward controller, and
cross-coupling controller. The evaluation of servo-controllers includes:
(1) their abilities in eliminating different error sources and (2) their
practical limitations in machine-tool control. The evaluation is
supported by simulation and experimental results. In addition, some
directions for future servo-control algorithms are also suggested.
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STC O |
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Manufacturing Interfaces
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F.J.A.M. Van Houten (2)
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STC O, 41/2/1992, P.699
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Keywords: Interfaces, CAD/CAM, Automation, Optimization, Production Control, CIM |
Abstract : The paper identifies the changing needs and requirements with respect to
the interfacing of manufacturing functions. It considers the
manufacturing system, its components and their relationships from the
technological and logistic point of view, against the background of
concurrent engineering. Design- and manufacturing features are
considered to become the basic elements for both internal and external
communication between manufacturing functions. The increasing level of
automation on the shop floor requires a much more formal communication
at a high level of detail. Together with the increasing need for
flexibility and the resulting decrease of batch sizes, this demands a
much closer integration of production planning, process planning and
shop floor control. Improvement of communication in combination with the
use of feed-back data from the shop floor can substantially increase the
effectiveness of the planning and consequently reduce the time pressure
on the manufacturing system and its operators. Planning and control of
auxiliary tasks and resources like tool and fixture preparation, machine
set-up, material preparation, etc. increases due date reliability and
quality and lowers production cost.
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STC P |
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Vibration Isolation of precision Machine Tools and Instruments
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D. De Bra (1)
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STC P, 41/2/1992, P.711
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Keywords: Vibration Isolation, Active Isolation |
Abstract : Successful precision engineering is the balance of robustness of the
machine and how benign the environment can be made through isolation to
minimize the strains caused by vibration that compromise a machine's
accuracy. This paper discusses principally the process of isolating a
machine from the disturbances which come from the ground, air and
utilities which serve it. Principles are reviewed and the intrinsic
dependence on frequency established. Requirements are discussed and the
hardware realizations currently available are reviewed. A number of
examples of systems with unusually demanding requirements are given to
illustrate the diverse nature of the solutions in practice. Some new
developing areas are identified as the various topics are presented.
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